The impact of bovine milk and dairy consumption on breast cancer pathogenesis remains a subject of discussion. Ongoing research suggests that bovine milk may contribute to tumor formation by activating estrogen receptor (ER) pathways and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, both of which are responsible for increased breast tissue proliferation. Moreover, carcinogenic components such as exosomal microRNAs (miR-148a-3p, miR-21-5p), aflatoxin M1, bisphenol A, pesticides, and micro- and nanoplastics present in dairy products may further increase the risk of carcinogenesis. Individuals with genetic predispositions, such as BRCA1 mutations and IGF-1 pathway polymorphisms, might be more susceptible to ER+ breast cancer. However, lack of consistency in epidemiological data, lack of enough studies on milk processing methods (e.g., pasteurization, ultra-high temperature treatment), and differences in dairy consumption patterns make it difficult to come to a definitive conclusion. This review highlights the need for further research to redefine dietary guidelines and assess the long-term risks and complications associated with milk and dairy consumption in relation to breast cancer pathogenesis

Kakoli Patnaik is a resident doctor specializing in Biochemistry at JLN Medical College, Ajmer. She has successfully published three research papers, and is currently working on four more publications, further strengthening her impact in biochemistry.